(1)需求導(dǎo)向型開(kāi)發(fā) (2)技術(shù)導(dǎo)向型開(kāi)發(fā) (3)系列導(dǎo)向型開(kāi)發(fā)
(1)顧客(2)科研機(jī)構(gòu)及科研人員(3)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者(4)中間商