The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.

General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.

Semantics

Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.

Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a（）linguistics.

Pragmatics

The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s（）

The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.

Langue refers to the a（）linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.

Phonetics