（） is the party which applies to the bank for the opening of a letter of credit.

The bill of lading serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea between the（）.

For transport of hazardous materials， truckers need a licence， which usually requires them to pass an exam.

（） transport of goods is the principal means of transport in many countries due to the low threshold infrastructure requirements.

Banks have legal obligation to inspect the actual merchandise.

Sea waybill is an import file.It is （）.

On traffic lanes where demand is strong and plane capacity is limited， the air rates will be （）and vice versa for traffic lanes where supply exceeds demand.

General average and salvage charges are covered both in FPA and WA coverage.

When one of the original bills of lading being surrendered to the carrier， the others become （）.

Customs clearance in the import-export trade is one of the traditional functions of a freight forwarder.Customs clearance measures mainly include （）。